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1 Sir John and Lady Smith
Общая лексика: сэр Джон и леди СмитУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > Sir John and Lady Smith
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2 Sir John Alexander Macdonald
◙ n. סר ג'ון אלכסנדר מקדונלד (1815-1891), מדינאי קנדי יליד סקוטלנד, ראש הממשלה הראשון של קנדה (1867-1873, 1878-1891)* * *◙ (1981-8781,3781-7681) הדנק לש ןושארה הלשממה שאר,דנלטוקס דילי ידנק יאנידמ,(1981-5181) דלנודקמ רדנסכלא ןו'ג רס◄ -
3 Sir John Tenniel
סר ג'ון טניאל (1820-1914), קריקטוריסט ומאייר ספרים אנגלי שהתמחה בקריקטורות פוליטיות (ידוע בשל איוריו לספריו של לואיס קרול "עליסה בארץ הפלאות" ו"עליסה בארץ המראה")* * *◙ ("הארמה ץראב הסילע"ו "תואלפה ץראב הסילע" לורק סיאול לש וירפסל וירויא לשב עודי) תויטילופ תורוטקירקב החמתהש ילגנא םירפס רייאמו טסירוטקירק,(4191-0281) לאינט ןו'ג רס◄ -
4 Sir John Soane's Museum
[sœː ʤɔn səunz mju'zɪəm]Deutsch-russische wörterbuch der kunst > Sir John Soane's Museum
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5 Sir John Alexander Macdonald
n. (1815-1891) Schots geboren Amerikaanse staatsman, eerste premier van Canada (1867-1873, 1878-1891) -
6 Soane, Sir John
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 20 September 1753 Whitchurch, Englandd. 20 January 1837 London, England[br]English architect whose highly personalized architectural style foreshadowed the modern architecture of a century later.[br]Between 1777 and 1780 Soane studied in Italy on a Travelling Scholarship, working in Rome but also making extensive excursions further south to Paestum and Sicily to study the early and more severely simple Greek temples there.His architectural career began in earnest with his appointment as Surveyor to the Bank of England in 1788. He held this post until 1833 and during this time developed his highly individual style, which was based upon a wide range of classical sources extending from early Greek to Byzantine themes. His own work became progressively more linear and austere, his domes and arches shallower and more segmental. During the 1790s and early 1800s Soane redesigned several halls in the Bank, notably the Bank Stock Office, which in 1791 necessitated technological experimentation.The redesigning was required because of security problems which limited window openings to high-level positions and a need for fireproof construction because the site was so restricted. Soane solved the difficulties by introducing light through lunettes set high in the walls and through a Roman-style oculus in the centrally placed shallow dome. He utilized hollow terracotta pots as a lightweight material in the segmental vaulting.Sadly, the majority of Soane's work in the Bank interior was lost in the rebuilding during the 1930s, but Soane went on to develop his architectural style in his houses and churches as well as in a quantity of public buildings in Whitehall and Westminster.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1831. Fellow Society of Antiquaries 1795. RA 1802. Royal Academy Professor of Architecture 1806. FRS 1821.Further ReadingSir John Summerson, 1952, Sir John Soane, 1753–1837, Art and Technics. Dorothy Stroud, 1961, The Architecture of Sir John Soane, Studio.DY -
7 Floyer, Sir John
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 3 March 1649 Hints, Warwickshire, Englandd. 1734 Lichfield, Staffordshire, England[br]English physician, pioneer in the measurement of pulse and respiration rate.[br]The younger son of a landed Midlands family, Floyer embarked on medical studies at Oxford at the age of 15 and graduated in 1674. He returned to Lichfield where he resided and practised, as well as being acquainted with the family of Samuel Johnson, for the remainder of a long life. Described by a later biographer as "fantastic, whimsical, pretentious, research-minded and nebulous", he none the less, as his various medical writings testify, became a pioneer in several fields of medical endeavour. It seems likely that he was well aware of the teachings of Sanctorius in relation to measurement in medicine and he probably had a copy of Sanctorius's weighing-machine made and put to use in Lichfield.He also embarked on extensive studies relating to pulse, respiration rate, temperature, barometric readings and even latitude. Initially he used the minute hand of a pendulum clock or a navigational minute glass. He then commissioned from Samuel Watson, a London watch-and clockmaker, a physicians' pulse watch incorporating a second-hand and a stop mechanism. In 1707 and 1710 he published a massive work, dedicated to Queen Anne, that emphasized the value of the accurate measurement of pulse rates in health and disease.His other interests included studies of blood pressure, asthma, and the medical value of cold bathing. It is of interest that it was at his suggestion that the young Samuel Johnson was taken to London to receive the Royal Touch, from Queen Anne, for scrofula.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1686.Bibliography1707–10, The Physicians Pulse Watch, 2 vols, London.Further ReadingD.D.Gibb, 1969, 'Sir John Floyer, M.D. (1649–1734), British Medical Journal.MG -
8 MacNeill, Sir John Benjamin
[br]b. 1793 (?) Mount Pleasant, near Dundalk, Louth, Irelandd. 2 March 1880[br]Irish railway engineer and educator.[br]Sir John MacNeill became a pupil of Thomas Telford and served under him as Superintendent of the Southern Division of the Holyhead Road from London to Shrewsbury. In this capacity he invented a "Road Indicator" or dynamometer. Like other Telford followers, he viewed the advent of railways with some antipathy, but after the death of Telford in 1834 he quickly became involved in railway construction and in 1837 he was retained by the Irish Railway Commissioners to build railways in the north of Ireland (Vignoles received the commission for the south). Much of his subsequent career was devoted to schemes for Irish railways, both those envisaged by the Commissioners and other private lines with more immediately commercial objectives. He was knighted in 1844 on the completion of the Dublin \& Drogheda Railway along the east coast of Ireland. In 1845 MacNeill lodged plans for over 800 miles (1,300 km) of Irish railways. Not all of these were built, many falling victim to Irish poverty in the years after the Famine, but he maintained a large staff and became financially embarrassed. His other schemes included the Grangemouth Docks in Scotland, the Liverpool \& Bury Railway, and the Belfast Waterworks, the latter completed in 1843 and subsequently extended by Bateman.MacNeill was an engineer of originality, being the person who introduced iron-lattice bridges into Britain, employing the theoretical and experimental work of Fairbairn and Eaton Hodgkinson (the Boyne Bridge at Drogheda had two such spans of 250ft (76m) each). He also devised the Irish railway gauge of 5 ft 2 in. (1.57 m). Consulted by the Board of Trinity College, Dublin, regarding a School of Engineering in 1842, he was made an Honorary LLD of the University and appointed the first Professor of Civil Engineering, but he relinquished the chair to his assistant, Samuel Downing, in 1846. MacNeill was a large and genial man, but not, we are told, "of methodical and business habit": he relied heavily on his subordinates. Blindness obliged him to retire from practice several years before his death. He was an early member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, joining in 1827, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1838.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1838.Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers73:361–71.ABBiographical history of technology > MacNeill, Sir John Benjamin
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9 Biles, Sir John Harvard
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 1854 Portsmouth, Englandd. 27 October 1933 Scotland (?)[br]English naval architect, academic and successful consultant in the years when British shipbuilding was at its peak.[br]At the conclusion of his apprenticeship at the Royal Dockyard, Portsmouth, Biles entered the Royal School of Naval Architecture, South Kensington, London; as it was absorbed by the Royal Naval College, he graduated from Greenwich to the Naval Construction Branch, first at Pembroke and later at the Admiralty. From the outset of his professional career it was apparent that he had the intellectual qualities that would enable him to oversee the greatest changes in ship design of all time. He was one of the earliest proponents of the revolutionary work of the hydrodynamicist William Froude.In 1880 Biles turned to the merchant sector, taking the post of Naval Architect to J. \& G. Thomson (later John Brown \& Co.). Using Froude's Law of Comparisons he was able to design the record-breaking City of Paris of 1887, the ship that started the fabled succession of fast and safe Clyde bank-built North Atlantic liners. For a short spell, before returning to Scotland, Biles worked in Southampton. In 1891 Biles accepted the Chair of Naval Architecture at the University of Glasgow. Working from the campus at Gilmorehill, he was to make the University (the oldest school of engineering in the English-speaking world) renowned in naval architecture. His workload was legendary, but despite this he was admired as an excellent lecturer with cheerful ways which inspired devotion to the Department and the University. During the thirty years of his incumbency of the Chair, he served on most of the important government and international shipping committees, including those that recommended the design of HMS Dreadnought, the ordering of the Cunarders Lusitania and Mauretania and the lifesaving improvements following the Titanic disaster. An enquiry into the strength of destroyer hulls followed the loss of HMS Cobra and Viper, and he published the report on advanced experimental work carried out on HMS Wolf by his undergraduates.In 1906 he became Consultant Naval Architect to the India Office, having already set up his own consultancy organization, which exists today as Sir J.H.Biles and Partners. His writing was prolific, with over twenty-five papers to professional institutions, sundry articles and a two-volume textbook.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1913. Knight Commander of the Indian Empire 1922. Master of the Worshipful Company of Shipwrights 1904.Bibliography1905, "The strength of ships with special reference to experiments and calculations made upon HMS Wolf", Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects.1911, The Design and Construction of Ships, London: Griffin.Further ReadingC.A.Oakley, 1973, History of a Facuity, Glasgow University.FMWBiographical history of technology > Biles, Sir John Harvard
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10 Randall, Sir John Turton
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 23 March 1905 Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire, Englandd. 16 June 1984 Edinburgh, Scotland[br]English physicist and biophysicist, primarily known for the development, with Boot of the cavity magnetron.[br]Following secondary education at Ashton-inMakerfield Grammar School, Randall entered Manchester University to read physics, gaining a first class BSc in 1925 and his MSc in 1926. From 1926 to 1937 he was a research physicist at the General Electric Company (GEC) laboratories, where he worked on luminescent powders, following which he became Warren Research Fellow of the Royal Society at Birmingham University, studying electronic processes in luminescent solids. With the outbreak of the Second World War he became an honorary member of the university staff and transferred to a group working on the development of centrimetric radar. With Boot he was responsible for the development of the cavity magnetron, which had a major impact on the development of radar.When Birmingham resumed its atomic research programme in 1943, Randall became a temporary lecturer at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. The following year he was appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of St Andrews, but in 1946 he moved again to the Wheatstone Chair of Physics at King's College, London. There his developing interest in biophysical research led to the setting up of a multi-disciplinary group in 1951 to study connective tissues and other biological components, and in 1950– 5 he was joint Editor of Progress in Biophysics. From 1961 until his retirement in 1970 he was Professor of Biophysics at King's College and for most of that time he was also Chairman of the School of Biological Sciences. In addition, for many years he was honorary Director of the Medical Research Council Biophysics Research Unit.After he retired he returned to Edinburgh and continued to study biological problems in the university zoology laboratory.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1962. FRS 1946. FRS Edinburgh 1972. DSc Manchester 1938. Royal Society of Arts Thomas Gray Memorial Prize 1943. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1946. Franklin Institute John Price Wetherill Medal 1958. City of Pennsylvania John Scott Award 1959. (All jointly with Boot for the cavity magnetron.)Bibliography1934, Diffraction of X-Rays by Amorphous Solids, Liquids \& Gases (describes his early work).1953, editor, Nature \& Structure of Collagen.1976, with H.Boot, "Historical notes on the cavity magnetron", Transactions of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ED-23: 724 (gives an account of the cavity-magnetron development at Birmingham).Further ReadingM.H.F.Wilkins, "John Turton Randall"—Bio-graphical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, London: Royal Society.KFBiographical history of technology > Randall, Sir John Turton
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11 Aspinall, Sir John Audley Frederick
[br]b. 25 August 1851 Liverpool, Englandd. 19 January 1937 Woking, England[br]English mechanical engineer, pioneer of the automatic vacuum brake for railway trains and of railway electrification.[br]Aspinall's father was a QC, Recorder of Liverpool, and Aspinall himself became a pupil at Crewe Works of the London \& North Western Railway, eventually under F.W. Webb. In 1875 he was appointed Manager of the works at Inchicore, Great Southern \& Western Railway, Ireland. While he was there, some of the trains were equipped, on trial, with continuous brakes of the non-automatic vacuum type. Aspinall modified these to make them automatic, i.e. if the train divided, brakes throughout both parts would be applied automatically. Aspinall vacuum brakes were subsequently adopted by the important Great Northern, Lancashire \& Yorkshire, and London \& North Western Railways.In 1883, aged only 32, Aspinall was appointed Locomotive Superintendent of the Great Southern \& Western Railway, but in 1886 he moved in the same capacity to the Lancashire \& Yorkshire Railway, where his first task was to fit out the new works at Horwich. The first locomotive was completed there in 1889, to his design. In 1899 he introduced a 4–4–2, the largest express locomotive in Britain at the time, some of which were fitted with smokebox superheaters to Aspinall's design.Unusually for an engineer, in 1892 Aspinall was appointed General Manager of the Lancashire \& Yorkshire Railway. He electrified the Liverpool-Southport line in 1904 at 600 volts DC with a third rail; this was an early example of main-line electrification, for it extended beyond the Liverpool suburban area. He also experimented with 3,500 volt DC overhead electrification of the Bury-Holcombe Brook branch in 1913, but converted this to 1,200 volts DC third rail to conform with the Manchester-Bury line when this was electrified in 1915. In 1918 he was made a director of the Lancashire \& Yorkshire Railway.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1917. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1909. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1918.Further ReadingH.A.V.Bulleid, 1967, The Aspinall Era, Shepperton: Ian Allan (provides a good account of Aspinall and his life's work).C.Hamilton Ellis, 1958, Twenty Locomotive Men, Shepperton: Ian Allan, Ch. 19 (a good brief account).PJGRBiographical history of technology > Aspinall, Sir John Audley Frederick
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12 Lion Sermon (Preached annually in October at St. Katharine Cree Church in London to commemorate the wonderfull escape of Sir John Gayer from a lion)
Религия: "Проповедь о чудесном ото льва избавлении"Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Lion Sermon (Preached annually in October at St. Katharine Cree Church in London to commemorate the wonderfull escape of Sir John Gayer from a lion)
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13 HICKS, SIR JOHN RICHARD (1904-1989)
Сэр Джон Ричард Хикс
Английский ученый, лауреат Нобелевской премии по экономике 1972 г. совместно с К. Эрроу. В своих трудах Хикс показал, как можно использовать кривую безразличия для анализа потребительского поведения на основе ординалистской полезности (см. Ordinal utility). Изучая про блемы цикличности экономического развития (см. Business cycle), ученый продемонстрировал с помощью математических моделей, каким образом акселератор (см. Accelerator) способен вызвать из менение уровня производства. Хикс разработал модель IS-LM (см. IS-LM model) с целью исследования экономического равновесия между предложением и спросом на деньги, между уровнем сбере жений и инвестиций, между процентной ставкой и доходом.Новый англо-русский словарь-справочник. Экономика. > HICKS, SIR JOHN RICHARD (1904-1989)
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14 Harvey-Jones, Sir John
(b. 1924) Gen MgtBritish business executive. Chairman of ICI 1982–87, who recorded his reflections on leadership in Making it Happen (1987). After his retirement, he advised a number of ailing British companies in a television series, “Troubleshooter.” -
15 Alleyne, Sir John Gay Newton
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 8 September 1820 Barbadosd. 20 February 1912 Falmouth, Cornwall, England[br]English iron and steel manufacturer, inventor of the reversing rolling mill.[br]Alleyne was the heir to a baronetcy created in 1769, which he succeeded to on the death of his father in 1870. He was educated at Harrow and at Bonn University, and from 1843 to 1851 he was Warden at Dulwich College, to the founder of which the family claimed to be related.Alleyne's business career began with a short spell in the sugar industry at Barbados, but he returned to England to enter Butterley Iron Works Company, where he remained for many years. He was at first concerned with the production of rolled-iron girders for floors, especially for fireproof flooring, and deck beams for iron ships. The demand for large sections exceeded the capacity of the small mills then in use at Butterley, so Alleyne introduced the welding of T-sections to form the required H-sections.In 1861 Alleyne patented a mechanical traverser for moving ingots in front of and behind a rolling mill, enabling one person to manipulate large pieces. In 1870 he introduced his major innovation, the two-high reversing mill, which enabled the metal to be passed back and forth between the rolls until it assumed the required size and shape. The mill had two steam engines, which supplied the motion in opposite directions. These two inventions produced considerable economies in time and effort in handling the metal and enabled much heavier pieces to be processed.During Alleyne's regime, the Butterley Company secured some notable contracts, such as the roof of St Paneras Station, London, in 1868, with the then-unparalleled span of 240 ft (73 m). The manufacture and erection of this awe-inspiring structure was a tribute to Alleyne's abilities. In 1872 he masterminded the design and construction of the large railway bridge over the Old Maas at Dordrecht, Holland. Alleyne also devised a method of determining small quantities of phosphorus in iron and steel by means of the spectroscope. In his spare time he was a skilled astronomical observer and metalworker in his private workshop.[br]Bibliography1875, "The estimation of small quantities of phosphorus in iron and steel by spectrum analysis", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute: 62.Further ReadingObituary, 1912, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute: 406–8.LRDBiographical history of technology > Alleyne, Sir John Gay Newton
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16 Harington, Sir John
SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors[br]b. 1561 Kelston (?), Somerset, Englandd. 20 November 1612 Kelston, Somerset, England[br]English inventor of the valve-operated. water-closet.[br]Harington was a writer and poet and was a godson of Queen Elizabeth I. In 1596 he published a satire entitled A New Discourse upon a Stale Subject called the Metamorphosis of Ajax, which described the water-closet that he constructed for his home in Kelston, near Bath. Ajax was a whimsical reference to "jakes", a euphemism for privy or closet. The use of the water-closet, he declared, "would make unsavoury Places sweet, noisome Places wholesome and filthy Places cleanly". The water-closet was illustrated in his book and was, in effect, a water-fed and -controlled close-stool. Water was pumped up into a cistern, which fed a closet pan, and was retained there by the operation of a valve. The water action was controlled by a handle set into the seat of the pan, thus causing the sewage to be discharged into a cesspool beneath. However, because of the lack of adequate water supplies and sewage systems, Harington's invention was not generally taken up until 1775, when Alexander Cumming patented it.[br]Further ReadingLucinda Lambton, 1978, Temples of Convenience: Gordon Fraser.DY -
17 Lawes, Sir John Bennet
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 28 December 1814 Rothamsted, Hertfordshire, Englandd. 31 August 1900 Rothamsted, Hertfordshire, England[br]English scientific agriculturalist.[br]Lawes's education at Eton and Oxford did little to inform his early taste for chemistry, which he developed largely on his own. By the age of 20 he had fitted up the best bedroom in his house as a fully equipped chemical laboratory. His first interest was in the making of drugs; it was said that he knew the Pharmacopoeia, by heart. He did, however, receive some instruction from Anthony Todd Thomson of University College, London. His father having died in 1822, Lawes entered into possession of the Rothamsted estate when he came of age in 1834. He began experiments with plants with uses as drugs, but following an observation by a neighbouring farmer of the effect of bones on the growth of certain crops Lawes turned to experiments with bones dissolved in sulphuric acid on his turnip crop. The results were so promising that he took out a patent in 1842 for converting mineral and fossil phosphates into a powerful manure by the action of sulphuric acid. The manufacture of these superphosphates became a major industry of tremendous benefit to agriculture. Lawes himself set up a factory at Deptford in 1842 and a larger one in 1857 at Barking Creek, both near London. The profits from these and other chemical manufacturing concerns earned Lawes profits which funded his experimental work at Rothamsted. In 1843, Lawes set up the world's first agricultural experiment station. Later in the same year he was joined by Joseph Henry Gilbert, and together they carried out a considerable number of experiments of great benefit to agriculture, many of the results of which were published in the leading scientific journals of the day, including the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. In all, 132 papers were published, most of them jointly with Gilbert. A main theme of the work on plants was the effect of various chemical fertilizers on the growth of different crops, compared with the effects of farm manure and of no treatment at all. On animal rearing, they studied particularly the economical feeding of animals.The work at Rothamsted soon brought Lawes into prominence; he joined the Royal Agricultural Society in 1846 and became a member of its governing body two years later, a position he retained for over fifty years. Numerous distinctions followed and Rothamsted became a place of pilgrimage for people from many parts of the world who were concerned with the application of science to agriculture. Rothamsted's jubilee in 1893 was marked by a public commemoration headed by the Prince of Wales.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsBaronet 1882. FRS 1854. Royal Society Royal Medal (jointly with Gilbert) 1867.Further ReadingMemoir with portrait published in J. Roy. Agric. Soc. Memoranda of the origin, plan and results of the field and other experiments at Rothamsted, issued annually by the Lawes Agricultural Trust Committee, with a list of Lawes's scientific papers.LRD -
18 sir
sir [sɜ:r]monsieur m• yes sir oui, Monsieur ; (to officer in army, navy, air force) oui, mon commandant (or mon lieutenant etc)* * *[sɜː(r)]1) ( form of address) Monsieuryes sir — gen oui, Monsieur; ( to president) oui, Monsieur le président; ( to headmaster) oui, Monsieur le directeur; Military oui, mon commandant or mon lieutenant etc
2) GB3) (colloq) US ( emphatic)yes/no sir — ça oui/non! (colloq)
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19 sir
sə:1) (a polite form of address (spoken or written) to a man: Excuse me, sir!; He started his letter `Dear Sirs,...'.) herr; min herre2) (in the United Kingdom, the title of a knight or baronet: Sir Francis Drake.) sir, ridder, baronherr--------herreIsubst. \/sɜː\/, trykksvak \/sə\/1) ( i høflig tiltale) herr, sir (ofte uten tilsvarende i norsk)• can I help you sir?2) ( ved møte) herr formann, herr president3) ( militærvesen) forklaring: tiltale til offiser, f.eks. kaptein, oberst e.l.• yes, Sir!ja, kaptein!4) ( spøkefullt) min herre, mester, høystærede• no sir, I won't put up with it!nei, min herre, jeg finner meg ikke i det!5) ( skolevesen) forklaring: tiltale til mannlig lærer• have you met Sir John Moore?( til konglige) Deres MajestetSir? ( til mann) unnskyld?yes sir! ja!IIverb \/sɜː\/, trykksvak \/sə\/tiltale med sir, si sir til• don't sir me! -
20 sir
[sə(r)]nuprzejma forma zwracania się do mężczyzn, zwłaszcza w sytuacjach formalnychwhat would you like, sir? — czego Pan sobie życzy?
yes, sir — tak, proszę Pana ( MIL) tak jest
* * *[sə:]1) (a polite form of address (spoken or written) to a man: Excuse me, sir!; He started his letter `Dear Sirs,...'.) Proszę Pana, (Szanowny) Panie2) (in the United Kingdom, the title of a knight or baronet: Sir Francis Drake.) (tytuł szlachecki)
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